Optical isolatoris a necessary passive component that widely used in fiber optic communication networks. It is used to prevent unwanted light feedback into the sensitive devices or components. As we know, light can be reflected back and forth, which will also happen in the fiber optic networks.

But the fact is most of the refection will affect the stability of the system especially for lasers. Laser is essentially a resonant cavity between two semi-transparent mirrors. The lasing process happens between these two mirrors. The lasing process is very delicate and can be easily interfered. If back-reflected and scattered light enters into the laser, the lasing process will fluctuate and the output power of the laser will fluctuate. However to prevent the bad result caused by this unwanted refection, a fiber optic isolator is needed here. A fiber optic isolator is also called optical diode, which is issued to prevent any light from reflecting back down the fiber, stopping backscattering and feedback problems on these sensitive components in the networks.

Most of optical isolators in the current market are Faraday isolator that is based on Faraday rotators. According to the polarization sensitivity of the optical isolator, it can be divided into polarization sensitive and insensitive Faraday isolators:

Polarization-sensitive Faraday Isolators

Polarization-sensitive faraday isolator is the simplest type which only works when the input beam has a prescribed direction of linear polarization. This type of faraday isolator is composed of a pair of linear polarizers and a Faraday rotator.

The two linear polarizers are oriented so the planes in which they polarize light are 45° apart. The Faraday rotator sits between these two polarizers. The Faraday rotator rotates the plane of the polarization of light by 45° in a single direction no matter the light traveling direction, may it be from the first polarizer(left) or the second polarizer(right). So if the light goes from the first polarizer to the second polarizer (from left to right). The Faraday rotator will rotate the polarized light from the first polarizer by 45° which exactly matches the polarization plane of the second polarizer. So the light will go through with minimum loss.

But if the light goes from the second polarizer to the first polarizer (from right to left). The Faraday rotator will rotate the polarized light from the second polarizer also by 45°. But since it rotates the light as the same direction as from left to right, this time when the rotated light gets to the first polarizer, the polarization planes of the polarized light and the first polarizer are 90° cross. So all light are blocked and no light will go through.

Polarization-insensitive Faraday Isolators

In order to overcome this limitation of polarization sensitively, optical isolators have been developed which are polarization insensitive type. That is, regardless of the polarization state of the input beam, the beam will propagate through the isolator to the output fiber and the reflected beam will be isolated from the optical source.

Such devices are often required in the context of fiber optics, because many fibers are not polarization-maintaining. In particular, optical fiber communication systems are usually operated with undefined polarization state, and Faraday isolators as well as other components are then required to work with arbitrary polarization states.

The basic principle of a polarization-insensitive isolator is to first spatially separate the orthogonal polarization components of the input beam with some kind of polarizer, then send both through a Faraday rotator, and combine them again in the second polarizer. Since there is an arbitrary relative phase change between the two polarization components, polarization-insensitive isolator will in general not preserve the polarization state.

Insert loss and degree of isolation are essential features for the optic isolator. The insertion loss is mainly depend on the type and quality of the polarizers used. A high degree of isolation is generally more difficult to achieve for high-power devices, where the beam in the Faraday medium covers are larger area and is thus more sensitive to field inhomogeneities. The fiber optic isolators can be pre-installed with various kinds offiber connectors. Ingellen offers various type offiber optic isolatordevices which features high isolation and high return loss, minimal polarization dependent loss, and very low polarization mode dispersion.

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Cisco, one of the top 500 companies in the world, supplies network and communications products and service. Its SFP(small form-factor pluggable) transceiver is widely used with their routers and switches. Cisco SFP is an upgraded version fiber optic transceiver from the traditional one, which is smaller and more flexibility. Cisco SFP includes a wide range of the transceivers with different working wavelength and distance. Today I’d like to introduce you something about the Cisco 1000Base SFP transceivers, such as GLC-SX-MM, GLC-LH-SM and GLC-ZX-SM.

Cisco SFP GLC-SX-MM

CiscoGLC-SX-MMis compliant to 1000Base SX standard for Gigabit Ethernet, used for short wavelength applications. GLC-SX-MM works with 850nm multimode fiber, its max working distance is about 1640 feet and typical data rate is 1Gbps. It uses LC duplex fiber optic connector interface.

The GLC-SX-MM transceiver consists of three sections: a VCSEL laser transmitter, a PIN photodiode integrated with a trans-impedance preamplifier (TIA) and MCU control unit. All modules satisfy class I laser safety requirements. The GLC SX MM transceivers are compatible with SFP Multi-Source Agreement (MSA) and SFF-8472.

Cisco SFP GLC-LH-SM

CiscoGLC-LH-SMis compliant to 1000Base-LX/LH standard for Gigabit Ethernet, used for long wavelength and long haul applications. GLC-LH-SM is working at 1300nm wavelength, its max working distance can reach 10km and data transfer rate at 1Gbps. GLC-LH-SM could used with both multimode optical fiber and single mode optical fiber, it is small size transceiver with LC interface, easy to use, no need further configuration.

The GLC-LH-SM transceiver consists of three sections: a FP laser transmitter, a PIN photodiode integrated with a trans-impedance preamplifier (TIA) and MCU control unit. All modules satisfy class I laser safety requirements. It fully complies with the multi-sourcing agreement (MSA) which enables it to work in all MSA compliant platforms. The GLC-LH-SM must be operatred within the specified temperature( -40°C to +85°C) and voltage limits.

Cisco SFP GLC-ZX-SM

CiscoGLC-ZX-SMSFP transceiver is compliant to 1000Base-ZX standard for Gigabit Ethernet. It works with 1550nm single mode fiber for extended working distance from 70km to 100km, with duplex LC interface and data transfer rate at 1Gbps. The GLC-ZX-SM is carrier-class quality and can be fully trusted for your most demanding LAN/WAN applications, voice projects, or network deployments.

The GLC-ZX-SM transceiver consists of three sections: a DFB laser transmitter, a PIN photodiode integrated with a trans-impedance preamplifier (TIA) and MCU control unit. All modules satisfy class I laser safety requirements. The GLC-ZX-SM transceivers are compatible with SFP Multi-Source Agreement (MSA) and SFF-8472. It fully complies with the multi-sourcing agreement (MSA) which enables it to work in all MSA compliant platforms.

Cisco GLC-SX-MM, GLC-LH-SM and GLC-ZX-SM applications:

Gigabit Ethernet;

Fiber Channel;

Switch to Switch interface;

Switched backplane applications;

Router/Server interface;

Other optical transmission systems.

Ingellen offers a fully range of Cisco SFP fiber optic transceivers, which includes Cisco CWDM SFP, Cisco DWDM SFP, Cisco Copper SFP and Cisco Bidi SFP. The Cisco 1000Base SFP transceivers supplied by Ingellen are economic price but high quality. Their Cisco SFP modules fully tested to ensure the compatibility with equipment from Cisco and other companies. More, theycome with good price and lifetime advance replacement warranty.

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Nowadays, digitalvideo multiplexerplays an increasingly outstanding role in networking. Digital video multiplexer makes the stable and comprehensive multi-format video converter available. A fiber media converter is a simple networking device that makes it possible to connect two dissimilar media types. Media converter types range from small standalone devices and PC card converters to high port-density chassis systems that offer many advanced features for network management.

Digital video multiplexer provides a video signal transmission channel, also can provide a wealth of other signal transmission channel, like an audio signal, an asynchronous data signal, data signal, Ethernet switch signal and an ordinary telephone signal, etc. These signals can be directly connected with cable, only through the fiber optic transceiver connected to transmission distance and reduce the number of cables. 1-64 channel video digital optical converter can meet users’ different requirements, because of adopting the full digital video non-compression transmission technology. And I’d like to introduce you the information about 32 channel video multiplexer in the following list.

As its name meaning, the32 channel video multiplexeraccepts 32 composite video baseband signals via video BNC ports. It then performs a 10-bit linear analog-to-digital conversion on the baseband video signals, multiplexes the resulting PCM data, transmits the data optically via an optical fiber to the de-multiplexer. The 32 channel video multiplexers are stand alone unit types and slot card types that is rack-mountable to fit in the chassis.

32 channel video multiplexer Features:

Thirty-two Channels Un-compressed CCTV video over one fiber;
8-bit video processing, Compatible with NTSC, PAL, or SECAM CCTV, Instantaneous Transmission;
One Channel Ethernet, Supports 10/100BASE-TX, IEEE Std.802.3;
Digital multiplexing technology;
Support analog Audio, RS-485/232 data, Contact closure and Ethernet over one single-mode fiber;
24-bit audio processing;
Transparent transmission for multi protocol data formats.

Special ASIC design:
Industry-grade of operating temperature from -40 to 85 , which is applied to the different working environment;
Hot-swap function;
offer rack-mounted chassis in standard 1U/2U/2.5U/4U.

There is no necessary to implement the spot adjustment, as its optical module and core circuit adopt the imported components that have high stability, and all optical & electrical interfaces conform to the international standards. The 1-64 channel video digital optical converter is widely used in the field of CCTV, video surveillance, national defense, ITS and etc.

Ingellen supplies a wide range of video multiplexers, its 1-64 channel video digital optical converter adopts the advanced international digital video and optical fiber transmission technology, and high quality to 1-64 channel video signal on the single-core optical fiber. You can find16 channel fiber optic media converterthere if you want. Please feel free to contact our sales team via sales@ingellen.com.

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GBIC, short form of gigabit interface converter, is a fiber optic transceiver used to transform between electric signals and optical fiber signals. The GBIC transceiver is suitable for interconnections in the Gigabit Ethernet hubs and switches environment. The GBIC technology expands the industry's flexible, standards-based 1000BASE-X design, allowing for a simple and low-cost migration path to Gigabit Ethernet.

Cisco, a famous manufacturer in networking, is an international acknowledged standard as described by SFF Committee in document SFF-8053. Its GBIC fiber transceiver is suitably designed enclosure to be changed from one type of external interface to another simply by plugging in a GBIC. In general, Cisco GBIC fiber optic transceivers use dual SC optical fiber interface, which is perfect fitable to the GBIC slot on the switches or routers.

The Cisco 1000BASE-T GBIC is an ideal solution for Catalyst 6500, 4000, 3550, 2950, 3500 XL and 2900 XL Series switch customers, such as cisco GBIC WS-G5483, providing full duplex Gigabit Ethernet connectivity to high-end workstations and between wiring closets over existing copper network infrastructures. There are two key product applications for the Cisco 1000BASE-T GBIC: connectivity to high-end workstations and distribution and wiring closet interconnectivity.

WS-G5483, also called copper GBIC transceiver, is an ideal solution for Catalyst switch customers. It uses Category 5 cables to provide 1000Base-T full-duplex connectivity between the Gigabit Ethernet module or supervisor engine and the network.

WS G5483 specifications:

Device Type: Transceiver module;

Interface (Bus) Type: Plug-in module;

Connectivity Technology: Wired;

Application: 1000BASE-T;

Data Transfer Rate: 1Gbps;

Wavelength: n/anm;

Max Distance: 100m;

Fiber Type: n/a;

Connector: RJ45;

DDM: Without DDM;

Operating Temperature: 0~70 C;

Compliant with MSA GBIC Specification.

The WS-G5483 must be operatred within the specified temperature and voltage limits. The optical ports of the module shall be terminated with an optical connector or with a dust plug.

Are you looking for Cisco GBICs? I suggest you go to a leading manufacturer for fiber transceivers named Ingellen. Ingellen has a wide selection of GBIC transceivers and Small Form-factor Pluggables (SFP) transceivers for Gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channel appications. It supplies various kinds of Cisco GBIC fiber optic transceivers products with same features, which includes single mode GBIC, multimode GBIC and copper GBIC. Their CWDM GBIC transceivers are with different operation wavelength, such as WS-G5484 is working wavelength at 850nm and WS-G5486 is working wavelength at 1310nm. Ingellen offers these GBIC transceivers with very good price and fast delivery.

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SFP, shorts for Small Form Factor Pluggable. is designed to convert serial electric signals into serial optical signals. SFP modules are typically inserted into a network switch in order to connect a Fiber Optic system with an Ethernet system. The SFP was designed as a predecessor to the Gigabit Interface Converter(GBIC) interface, and supports a greater number of transceivers per inch compared with GBIC. This is the reason why SFP is also known as Mini GBIC.

SFP transceivers are common to support SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and several other communications standards. SFP transceivers can be acquired with a variety of receiver and transmitter types. Users can choose right SFP transceiver for each Fiber Optic link based on the type of optical fiber they are using to provide the required reach.SFP transceivers are available in several different categories, including 850 nm 550m MMF (SX), 1310 nm 10 km SMF (LX), 80 km (ZX), 120 km (EX or EZX), CWDM and DWDM. SFP transceivers are also available with a copper cableinterface to connect to unshielded twisted pair networking cable.

Cisco is famous for their networking equipment. Such as Optical Networking&#65292, Cisco router, Cisco switch, and more. And here, I am going to talk about Cisco SFP transceivers in the following list.

Cisco SFPtransceivers are hot swappable. From different working wavelength and distance, Cisco SFP divided into a wide range of transceivers . Signal transmitting rate of these modules range from 100Mbps up to 4Gbps or more, working distance of these SFP transceiver modules can be from 500 meters to 100 kilo meters, working wavelength of different SFP modules are typically 850nm, 1310nm and 1550nm.

Cisco SFP is an upgraded version fiber optic transceiver. General SFP modules are with SC fiber connector interfaces, however, Cisco SFP is with LC interface. Moreover, the main body size of Cisco SFP is only about half of typical SFP. The small, modular optical interface transceivers offer a convenient and cost effective solution for the adoption of Gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channel in data center, campus, metropolitan area access and ring networks, and storage area networks. Cisco SFP represents the trends of smaller and more flexibility.

Cisco SFP makes it easy to change and easy for maintenance compared with traditional modules. SFP fiber transceiver modules make the fiber optic network or fiber-Ethernet network easier to upgrade or maintain, users can replace a single SFP module during the process instead of replace the whole board with many modules on it.

In the near future, it is going to expand to SFP+. SFP plus is an upgraded version of the small form pluggable transceivers. SFP plus target at the application of 10Gbps Ethernet and 8.5Gbps Fibre channel, not likeSGMII SFP(Gigabit Media Independent Interface) for 10/100/1000-Mbps Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet links, this enable SFP plus suitable for more dense installations. What is more, SFP plus is with lower power consumption for less than 1W and it is even cost effective. These transceivers are with managed digital optical monitoring and superior high temperature performance. Then, data rates of 10 Gbits/s will be possible, including 8 gigabit Fire Channel. SFP+ modules have some of their circuitry on the outside, as compared to Xenpak or XFP type modules which have everything inside.

Ingellen, known as a leading supplier of Cisco SFP, offers a great variety of SFP transceivers which are available with different transmitter or receivers. It makes the user convenient to configure and customize the transceiver to get the most appropriate optical reach with either multi-mode fiber or single-node optic fiber type. Also there areSGMII SFP transceiversavailable. SFP transceivers supplied feature as the original Cisco SFP, what's more, they are more economic on the prices.

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In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light. This technique enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity.

Typical WDM simply used to increase signalling and bandwidth capacity over singlemode fiber optic cable. The result is a link with an aggregate bandwidth that increases with the number of wavelengths employed. In this way WDM technology can maximize the use of the fiber optic infrastructure that is available; what would normally require two or more fiber links instead requires only one. Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) combines up to 64 wavelengths onto a single fiber. DWDM technology uses an ITU standard 100GHz or 200GHz spacing between the wavelengths, arranged in several bands at ~1500-1600nm. With DWDM technology, the wavelengths are close together, meaning the transponders are generally more complex and expensive than CWDM(Coarse wavelength division multiplexing). CWDM devices are commonly used in less precision optics and lower cost, un-cooled lasers with lower maintenance requirements.

However, compared with DWDM and Conventional WDM, CWDM is much more cost effective and less power consumption of laser devices. The advantage of CWDM is that it has a much higher density of wavelengths, and also longer distances, especially with MRV's low dispersion solution for the Fiber Driver-LD system.

CWDM Mux/Demux, a type of optical wavelength management device that are based on proven ultra low-loss thin-film filter (TFF) technology, shares the fact that the choice of channel spacing and frequency stability which is the one that EDFA could not use. It features low insertion loss, high channel isolation, wide pass band, low temperature sensitivity and epoxy free optical path. CWDM has gained prevalence in multi-wavelength digital transport architectures because it enables the use of very low cost uncooled distributed feedback (DFB) laser transmitters. Moreover, their powering requirements are reduced and reliability is increased.

One common meaning for CWDM means two (or possibly more) signals multiplexed onto a single fiber, where one signal in the 1550 nm band, and the other in the 1310 nm band. Currently there is an increasing in the channel space. This means the need of less sophisticated and less costly transceivers devices. Operating in the same window of 1550 nm and making use of OH-free silica fibers, maximum efficiencies are achieved in channels 31, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59 and 61 using the wavelengths from 1270 nm through 1610 nm with a channel spacing of 20 nm.

Currently many kinds of related CWDM MUX/DEMUX or DWDM MUX/DEMUX or optical amplifiers are available in the market. Choosing the right one means the correct, integrated devices for error-free high speed data transmission over fiber optic networks. Cost-effectiveCWDM solutionwith optimized performance and built in expansion capabilities are available from a host of online network solution companies. Then choosing the most experienced one to get the reliable CWDM solution is very important. As a professinal I suggest you go to Ingellen, a which is a leading manufacture in this field.

Ingellen provides whole series of CWDM products that are tailored for specific applications. For example,9CH CWDM Mux/Demux, allows you to multiplex/demultiplex eight nine channels into one pair of fiber or two fiber and combined passive 9 channel CWDM Mux and Demux in a single 1U 19'' rack mountable metal box or Standard LGX metal box or Small Plastic ABS box to meet different needs with flexible configuration. CWDM Mux/Demux supplied by Ingellen are based on central wavelengths specified by the ITU-T G.694.2 spectral grid. These TFF devices are offered in standard or extended bandpass versions. They are available as single or multichannel devices.

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Premise wiring, simply refers to the network cabling system which includes cable wiring, cabling connectors and accessories, that is widely used in business, government, academic and in some cases domestic applications. It may extends from the point-of-entry to user work areas. Premises networks are wired worldwide, across every industry, in both small and large scale applications. Any type or number of topologies may be used -- star, bus, ring, etc.

The solid copper wires are punched down into open-ended slots that slice through the wiring insultation and hold the wire in position and make the electrical contact. This selection also includes split M and split B 66 block types. Aim at durable wiring block options, including 110 block, today. A high density 110 termination field for voice and data applications can be created by mounting110 blockson wall or backboards.

A 110 block, used to connect sets of wires in a structured cabling system, is a type of punch block. The "110" designation is also used to describe a type of insulation-displacement connector used to terminate twisted pair cables which use a similar punch-down tool as the older 66 block.

Structure

The 110 Wiring Block is designed to provide everything needed to terminate twisted pair cables with conductors sizes from 26 AWG to 22 AWG (0.64mm to 0.40mm). The 110 blocks consist of 25 pair groups and come in configurations to accommodate 100 and 300 pairs. The 110 blocks are wall-mountable with legs that permit cables to be routed behind them and are molded in fire-resistant plastic which meets applicable safety standards.

History

Early residential telephone systems used simple screw terminals to join cables to sockets in a tree topology. Since about 2000, these screw-terminal blocks have been slowly replaced by 110 blocks and sockets. Modern homes usually have phone service entering the house to a single 110 block, whence it is distributed by on-premises wiring to outlet boxes throughout the home in series or star topology. At the outlet box, cables are punched down to standard RJ-11 sockets, which fit in special faceplates. In commercial settings, this style of "home run wiring" was already in use on 66 blocks in telecom closets and switchrooms. The 110 block has been slowly replacing the 66 block, especially for data communications usage.

Advantages

Block 110allows a much higher density of terminations in a given space than older style termination blocks (66 style or wire wrap). Some 110 blocks meet specifications for higher bandwidth data protocols such as Category 5 and higher.

The 110 block is often used at both ends of Category 5 cable runs through buildings. In switch rooms, 110 blocks are often built into the back of patch panels to terminate cable runs. At the other end, 110 connections may be used with keystone modules that are attached wall plates. 110 blocks are preferred over 66 blocks in high-speed networks because they introduce less crosstalk and many are certified for use in Category 5 and Category 6 wiring systems, even Category 6a.

Ingellen is recognized throughout the industry for the high quality and perfect performance of our fiber optic components and premise cabling systems. It has a variety of structured cabling and premise wiring products available to meet the specifications required for your business. Ingellen also carries wiring block options, including the110 blocktype. 110 Wiring Blocksare available in pairs of 50, 100 with or without standoff legs, contact sales viasales@ingellen.com to get real-time quotations now!

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